华严论坛：佛教對環境問題的解決之道——李重碩

Buddhist∵Solution∵for∵Environmental∵Issues

佛教对环境问题的解决之道

李重硕教授/Prof∵.∵Hwaryeong∵Lee∵∵（韩国/Korea）

Director,∵Central∵Education∵Center∵of∵Buddhist∵Chongji∵Order/

韩国佛敎摠持宗中央敎育院长

∵Today,∵the∵natural∵disasters∵caused∵by∵environmental∵pollution∵are∵threatening∵the∵survival∵of∵human∵beings.∵The∵slogans∵by∵social∵organizations∵or∵governments∵are∵not∵powerless∵in∵preventing∵of∵such∵disasters.∵Human∵beings∵must∵grope∵for∵the∵ultimate∵solution∵for∵environment∵pollution.∵Otherwise,∵human∵beings∵will∵soon∵receive∵the∵entire∵karma∵effects∵from∵what∵they∵have∵done.∵Such∵karma∵effects∵will∵bring∵loss∵of∵lives∵and∵fortune,∵shortage∵of∵food∵and∵water,∵and∵various∵diseases.

∵We∵should∵find∵out∵the∵solution∵from∵Buddhism∵in∵order∵to∵prevent∵such∵disasters.∵Buddhist∵philosophy,∵which∵emphasizes∵coexistence,∵will∵provide∵philosophical∵foundation∵as∵well∵as∵concrete∵method∵to∵prevent∵environmental∵pollution∵and∵save∵the∵earth.

∵The∵Buddha∵did∵not∵mention∵about∵environmental∵pollution∵or∵solution∵for∵it,∵for∵there∵was∵no∵destruction∵of∵nature∵or∵environmental∵problem∵caused∵by∵such∵destruction.∵However,∵if∵we∵look∵for∵concrete∵method∵based∵on∵the∵spirit∵of∵compassion,∵to∵protect∵natural∵environment,∵we∵can∵recognize∵that∵following∵the∵Buddha’s∵teaching∵is∵no∵other∵than∵protecting∵of∵nature∵and∵living∵together∵with∵it,∵and∵that∵the∵way∵of∵life∵as∵such∵is∵also∵the∵way∵to∵protect∵environment.∵∵

∵The∵Buddha∵already∵taught∵us∵through∵the∵doctrine∵of∵co-existence∵how∵we∵can∵coexist∵together∵with∵nature.∵Thereupon,∵Buddhists∵believe∵that∵they∵have∵to∵love∵all∵sentient∵beings∵and∵let∵them∵not∵to∵have∵any∵fears,∵that∵they∵have∵to∵keep∵their∵lives∵in∵frugality∵for∵the∵benefit∵of∵all∵sentient∵beings,∵and∵that∵they∵are∵cautious∵not∵to∵spend∵wastefully.∵We∵should∵know∵through∵the∵doctrine∵of∵dependent∵origination∵that∵nature∵is∵not∵what∵exist∵for∵our∵exploitation,∵but∵what∵supports∵our∵lives∵and∵thus∵should∵coexist∵with∵us.

It∵is∵true∵that∵man’s∵desire∵is∵the∵driving∵force∵of∵human∵civilization∵in∵today.∵Men∵have∵pursued∵material∵satisfaction∵rather∵than∵internal∵happiness.∵They∵tried∵to∵produce∵wealth∵as∵much∵as∵they∵can∵in∵order∵to∵satisfy∵their∵desire.∵The∵fundamental∵cause∵of∵environmental∵pollution∵also∵comes∵from∵here.∵If∵entire∵human∵beings∵abandon∵their∵desire∵and∵purse∵frugal∵life,∵their∵wastes∵are∵minimized∵and∵are∵also∵destruction∵of∵environment.

∵If∵we∵Buddhists∵understand,∵through∵the∵truth∵of∵dependent∵origination,∵the∵necessity∵of∵coexistence,∵practice∵it∵in∵our∵everyday∵life,∵moderate∵our∵desire,∵have∵compassion,∵and∵save∵all∵lives∵and∵resources,∵environment∵will∵be∵protected∵and∵the∵peace∵of∵the∵world∵will∵be∵realized.

Therefore,∵environment∵issues∵will∵begin∵to∵be∵resolved,∵when∵we∵understand∵the∵Buddha’s∵teaching∵and∵practice∵moderate∵and∵frugal∵life.

Implementing∵∵Buddhism∵In∵a∵World’s∵Progressive,∵Just,∵Sustainable∵and∵Low∵Carbon∵Development∵Model

国际环保经验与佛教徒的责任

My∵Thi∵Nguyen

（Vietnam∵/越南；Australia∵/澳洲）

Chief∵Advisor∵of∵SMEC/Environmental∵Protection∵Specialist/

SMEC的首席环保顾问/环保专家

ABSTRACT:

∵The∵presentation∵analyses∵the∵fundamental∵teachings∵and∵principles∵of∵Buddhism∵and∵the∵practices∵of∵Bhikkhus∵&∵Bhikkhunis∵Sanghas∵and∵Buddhist∵lay∵people.∵This∵is∵compared∵to∵the∵fundamental∵4R’s∵（Reduce,∵Re-use,∵Recycle∵and∵Renewable∵energy）∵principles∵&∵the∵Clean/∵Alternative∵Low∵Carbon∵requirements∵for∵a∵progressive,∵just∵and∵sustainable∵development∵world-wide.

∵The∵focus∵is∵then∵directed∵at∵the∵opportunities∵presently∵available∵that∵Buddhist∵men∵&∵women∵&∵the∵Buddhist∵Sanghas∵in∵developed∵and∵developing∵countries∵can∵actively∵participate∵in∵developing∵and∵implementing∵energy∵efficient∵and∵progressive,∵just∵and∵sustainable∵projects.∵The∵obvious∵advantages∵of∵the∵participation∵and∵expected∵outcomes∵are∵the∵carry∵on-ward∵in∵the∵daily∵continuation∵of∵the∵righteous∵practices∵of∵sustainability∵and∵long∵lasting∵changes∵in∵the∵mentality,∵the∵moral∵and∵intellectual∵attitudes∵of∵society∵and∵inpiduals.

INTRODUCTION

∵For∵2600∵years∵there∵has∵been∵a∵wide-spread,∵sustainable∵and∵cultured∵Buddhist∵civilization∵across∵many∵countries∵and∵world∵territories.∵The∵teaching∵had∵been∵practiced∵by∵the∵whole∵spectrum∵of∵society,∵from∵the∵highest∵（kings∵and∵educated,∵upper∵class）∵to∵lowest∵classes∵of∵lay∵men∵&∵women∵as∵the∵citizen∵masses∵of∵societies.∵Buddhist∵fundamental∵teaching∵principles∵and∵the∵practicing∵of∵6∵harmonical∵principles∵for∵living∵in∵harmony∵at∵Buddhist∵temples∵illustrate∵the∵examples∵of∵living∵in∵sharing∵&∵caring.∵The∵temples∵and∵gardens∵architectural∵design∵&∵construction∵（with∵tall∵boddhi∵trees）∵provides∵the∵physical,∵mental∵and∵spiritual∵shelters∵for∵millions∵inhabitant∵all∵over∵places∵on∵earth.

∵Over∵the∵recent∵decades∵as∵human∵kind∵are∵threatened∵with∵the∵environmental∵crisis∵to∵save∵the∵earth∵planet∵with∵all∵its∵living∵species∵from∵chained∵destructions,∵consequently∵there∵are∵many∵prominent∵Buddhist∵teaching∵masters,∵distinguished∵scholars∵and∵renowned∵research∵institutions∵world-wide∵have∵published∵and∵voiced∵the∵urgent∵needs∵to∵bring∵Buddhism∵into∵meeting∵the∵flight∵head-on.

∵The∵author∵attempts∵to∵look∵into∵the∵WHAT,∵WHY∵AND∵HOW∵BUDDHISM∵AND∵BUDDHIST∵PEOPLE∵INCLUDING∵THE∵SANGHAS∵CAN∵HELP∵SOLVE∵THE∵CRISIS∵from∵the∵perspectives∵of∵technical∵view∵point.

CONCLUSION:

∵Buddhism∵has∵approached∵inpiduals,∵communities∵and∵countries∵through∵various∵means,∵forms,∵causes∵and∵concurs.∵By∵actively∵participate∵in∵practical∵activities∵in∵the∵joint∵effort∵with∵many∵inpiduals,∵organizations∵or∵corporations∵for∵local,∵national∵and∵world-wide∵developments,∵Buddhism∵will∵itself∵step∵further∵and∵go∵deeper∵into∵the∵practicing∵and∵demonstrating∵the∵Buddhist∵Teachings.∵The∵feedbacks∵resulted∵from∵the∵work∵are∵the∵demonstrated∵values∵of∵Buddhism∵to∵the∵society.∵Through∵this∵a∵long∵lasting∵changes∵in∵the∵mentality,∵the∵moral∵and∵intellectual∵attitudes∵of∵society∵and∵inpiduals∵will∵be∵converted∵to∵the∵same∵objectives

气候变迁的冲击与调适

Climate∵Change,∵Impact∵and∵Adaptation

简又新

***永续能源基金会董事长

Abstract

半个世纪以来，气候变迁及地球暖化，造成灾害频传，包括热浪、暴雨、干旱等各种极端气候不断上演，并环环相扣，而格陵兰等冰川大面积融化使得海平面上升，迫使小岛国家面临生存危机。连***也深受极端气候所害，无情的八八风灾是***人一辈子的阴影。随着影响范围日渐扩大，整个世界在能源、水资源、粮食都将产生严重失调。亚洲开发银行（ADB:∵Asian∵Development∵Bank）日前发表的一项研究结果就指出，如果继续忽视气候变迁问题，亚太国家将面临粮食和能源短缺、贫穷问题恶化与作物不断减收等后果。这些气候衍生之问题不仅只会在电视新闻上被报导，它会真实的在每个人生活周遭发生。

During∵the∵past∵half∵century,∵climate∵change∵and∵global∵warming∵have∵caused∵frequent∵disasters∵such∵as∵heat∵waves,∵heavy∵rains,∵and∵droughts;∵all∵these∵disasters∵are∵closely∵connected.∵The∵melting∵of∵glaciers∵in∵Greenland∵is∵causing∵sea∵level∵to∵rise∵and∵threatening∵the∵survival∵of∵island∵nations.∵Taiwan∵is∵also∵severely∵influenced∵by∵extreme∵climates,∵the∵88∵Flood∵will∵haunt∵Taiwanese∵people∵lifelong.∵With∵the∵increase∵of∵the∵affected∵area,∵there∵will∵be∵worldwide∵imbalance∵in∵energy∵resources,∵water∵resources,∵and∵food∵supplies.∵The∵Asian∵Development∵Bank∵（ADB）∵recently∵released∵a∵research∵that∵indicates,∵if∵climate∵change∵continues∵to∵be∵ignored,∵Asian∵Pacific∵countries∵will∵suffer∵consequences∵such∵as∵shortage∵in∵food∵and∵energy,∵worsened∵poverty∵problems,∵and∵continual∵reduction∵of∵crop∵yield.∵These∵climate∵change∵related∵issues∵will∵not∵just∵be∵broadcasting∵on∵television∵news;∵they∵will∵take∵place∵around∵everyone.

根据?合国气候变化纲要公约（UNFCCC:∵United∵Nations∵Framework∵Convention∵on∵Climate∵Change）所提出之应对气候变迁的方式为：「减量」与「调适」。未来全世界将会限制化石燃料等的使用量，迈入低碳经济时代，此蕴含着新兴产业革命机遇与时代的到来，是项挑战，更是个机会，我们应紧抓住这个剧变中之机遇，扭转时势。好比英国从18世纪中叶带动全球第一波工业革命后，经济实力先继被美、中、德、日所超越，不过，英国人仍不放弃再崛起之机会，当全世界把地球暖化视为世纪大威胁时，英国人却把它视为新的机会，盼再创低碳新经济革命。

According∵to∵the∵United∵Nations∵Framework∵Convention∵on∵Climate∵Change∵（UNFCCC）,∵reduction∵and∵adaptation∵are∵considered∵as∵solution∵for∵fighting∵against∵the∵threat∵of∵climate∵change.∵In∵the∵future,∵the∵world∵will∵restrict∵petroleum∵fuel∵consumption,∵and∵enter∵an∵age∵of∵low∵carbon∵economy.∵This∵implies∵the∵arrival∵of∵a∵new∵industrial∵revolution.∵It∵will∵be∵a∵challenge∵as∵well∵as∵an∵opportunity.∵We∵must∵seize∵the∵opportunity∵during∵this∵great∵change.∵During∵the∵mid∵18th∵century,∵Great∵Britain∵took∵the∵lead∵of∵the∵first∵wave∵of∵the∵Industrial∵Revolution,∵but∵its∵economic∵strength∵was∵subsequently∵surpassed∵by∵the∵United∵States,∵China,∵Germany,∵and∵Japan.∵However,∵the∵British∵did∵not∵give∵up∵on∵regaining∵the∵edge;∵as∵the∵world∵look∵upon∵global∵warming∵as∵a∵great∵threat∵of∵the∵century,∵the∵British∵considers∵it∵a∵new∵opportunity∵and∵aims∵to∵launch∵a∵low∵carbon∵economy∵revolution.

除了产业上的改变外，个人习惯的「调适」也是至关重要的。***的环境与经济未来面对气候变迁灾难之冲击似乎是无可避免，而根本解决之道在于社会大众意识的觉醒，我们必须改变过去的生活习惯，选择简朴永续之生活型态，齐心携手解决这一世纪最大问题，努力将各种冲击降到最低，为下一代的未来争取最大生机。

Other∵than∵industrial∵and∵economic∵changes,∵personal∵adaptation∵is∵also∵crucial.∵Disasters∵caused∵by∵climate∵change∵will∵have∵inevitable∵impact∵on∵the∵environment∵and∵economy∵of∵Taiwan;∵the∵solution∵rests∵upon∵public∵awareness.∵We∵must∵change∵our∵habits∵and∵choose∵a∵sustainable∵way∵of∵living.∵We∵must∵solve∵the∵greatest∵problem∵of∵this∵century∵together,∵work∵to∵minimize∵its∵impact,∵and∵help∵the∵next∵generation∵survive.